About

This site records pogroms, massacres, expulsions and persecutions carried out against Jews from the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE to the present. Every event lists its dates, location, perpetrators, a casualty estimate where one exists, and at least two sources.

Method

• Scholarly sources come first: Yad Vashem, the USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia, the YIVO Encyclopedia, Encyclopaedia Judaica and academic works.
• Casualty figures are shown as ranges and point to the source they come from.
• Where sources disagree, the event is marked "disputed" and the competing views are described.
• Hebrew calendar dates are shown only for events from 1583 on, because earlier dates are usually recorded in the Julian calendar.
• Events in the Land of Israel are included and tagged with the "Land of Israel" region so they can be filtered.
• Jewish population figures are the latest sourced snapshot at or before the event (or up to two years later if that snapshot is closer, for example a census the following year). Years are not interpolated.
• Beside the killed estimate, and beside the expelled estimate when one exists, up to three circles show that figure as a share of the Jewish population where a figure exists: the locality, the historical country (the polity in the population record, not the modern state), and the worldwide population. A level with no figure is left out. The solid part of a circle is the low end of the percentage range, and the lighter part runs out to the high end. The percentage comes from that estimate and the population range, so a range in either figure produces a range of percentages.
• The massacres page includes events tagged as a massacre. When a massacre belongs to a parent that is also a massacre and that parent already has a killed estimate, the page counts the parent only.
• The expulsions page includes events tagged as an expulsion and shows how many people were forced to leave, separately from how many were killed. When an expulsion belongs to a parent that is also an expulsion and that parent already has an expelled estimate, the page counts the parent only.

Corrections

Found an error or a better source? Send feedback. Reports go to the maintainers by email or a private sheet, not to a public tracker. Every change is reviewed before it is published. The data on this site is open for scrutiny.