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JewishHistoryעברית

Perpetrators

Country
Perpetrator type

Afghanistan

Government of Afghanistan(State)1

Algeria

European settler antisemites, including Max Régis in Algiers(Mob)1
Muslim rioters in Constantine(Mob)1

Argentina

Argentine police and army(Military)1
Civilian patriotic bands (Guardia Blanca)(Mob)1

Armenia

Unidentified attacker (foreign national, per Armenian investigators)(Individual)1

Australia

Naveed Akram(Individual)1
Sajid Akram(Individual)1
Three men charged by the Victorian Joint Counter Terrorism Team(Individual)1

Austria

Austrian Nazis(Mob)1
Duke Albert V of Austria(State)1
Emperor Leopold I(State)1
Emperor Maximilian I(State)1
Estates of Styria and Carinthia(State)1
Gauleiter Tobias Portschy(State)1
Local mobs(Mob)1

Belarus

Committee of Ministers(State)1
Emperor Alexander I(State)1
Governor-General Khovanski of White Russia(State)1
Local militia(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Railway workers and local rioters(Mob)1
Soldiers who fired on Jewish self-defence(Military)1

Belgium

Ducal and municipal authorities of Brabant(State)1
Flemish right-wing collaborators(Mob)1
Local authorities(State)1
Mehdi Nemmouche(Individual)1
Nacer Bendrer(Individual)1
Urban populace(Mob)1

Brazil

Francisco Barreto(Military)1
Portuguese Crown(State)1

Bulgaria

Bulgarian government(State)1
Bulgarian police(State)1

Canada

Sean Ward(Individual)1

China

Imperial Japanese Army and Navy authorities in Shanghai(Military)1
Russian Fascist Party(Militia / auxiliaries)1
White Russian kidnappers, including Martinov(Militia / auxiliaries)1

Croatia

Independent State of Croatia(State)1
Ustaša(Militia / auxiliaries)1

Cyprus

Roman imperial government under Trajan(State)1

Czechia

Bohemian Diet and Prague burghers(State)1
Crusader bands of the People's Crusade(Military)1
Czech gendarmerie(State)1
Ferdinand I, King of Bohemia(State)1
Maria Theresa(State)1
Prague clergy, including Ješek Čtyrhranný(Religious authority)1
Urban mob(Mob)1

Denmark

Marten Imandi(Individual)1
Mohammed Abu Talb(Individual)1
Omar El-Hussein(Individual)1

Egypt

Aulus Avilius Flaccus(State)1
Christian crowd led by Cyril(Mob)1
Cyril(Religious authority)1
Egyptian government under Gamal Abdel Nasser(State)2
Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah(State)1
Greek and other non-Jewish mobs in Alexandria(Mob)1
Student and street crowds in Cairo and Alexandria(Mob)1
Unidentified bombers of Jewish neighborhoods and businesses in Cairo(Individual)1
Young Egypt (Misr al-Fatat) under Ahmad Husayn(Militia / auxiliaries)1

Estonia

Estonian auxiliaries(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Estonian collaborators(Militia / auxiliaries)1
German camp guards(State)1

Ethiopia

Emperor Susenyos and the Ethiopian royal army(State)1

Finland

Finnish State Police (Valpo), headed by Arno Anthoni(State)1

France

Amedy Coulibaly(Individual)1
Charles VI(State)1
French police(State)2
Gauleiter Wagner(State)1
Guildsmen(Mob)1
Hassan Diab (convicted in absentia, 2023)(Individual)1
King of France(State)1
Mohammed Merah(Individual)1
New town council of Strasbourg(State)1
Pastoureaux (Shepherds' Crusade of 1320)(Mob)1
Philip II Augustus(State)1
Philip IV (the Fair)(State)1
Theobald V(State)1
Vichy French authorities in Tunisia(State)1
Vichy officials (René Bousquet, Pierre Laval)(State)1

Georgia

Kutaisi Circuit Court investigator and prosecutor(State)1
Local Christian rioters(Mob)1
Local Christian villagers in Shorapani district(Mob)1
Local investigators and the Imperial Senate(State)1

Germany

Augsburg town council(State)1
City council of Regensburg(State)1
Cologne city council(State)1
Crusader band of Count Emicho(Military)1
Crusader bands under Count Emicho of Leiningen(Military)1
Crusaders and accompanying rabble(Mob)1
Crusaders and urban mob(Mob)1
Dr. Chemnitz(Individual)1
Duke Albrecht of Upper Bavaria (the Pious)(State)1
Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria(State)1
Duke Louis the Wealthy(State)1
Electoral authorities of the Mark Brandenburg(State)1
Emperor Maximilian I(State)1
Erfurt aldermen and patricians(State)1
Estates of Bavaria(State)1
Guilds of Regensburg(Mob)1
Guilds of Worms(Mob)1
Guildsmen and other citizens of Frankfurt(Mob)1
Mainz burghers(Mob)1
Mainz city government(State)1
Mainz populace(Mob)1
Nazi Germany(State)2
Einsatzgruppen(State)2
Einsatzgruppe A(State)2
Einsatzgruppe B(State)1
Einsatzgruppe C(State)1
Einsatzkommando 5 of Einsatzgruppe C(State)1
Sonderkommando 4a of Einsatzgruppe C(State)3
Einsatzgruppe D(State)
Sonderkommando 10a of Einsatzgruppe D(State)1
Sonderkommando 11b of Einsatzgruppe D(State)1
German occupation authorities(State)4
German Order Police(State)7
German Security Police(State)5
Gestapo(State)4
Nazi Party(State)2
SD(State)1
SS(State)23
SS Cavalry Brigade(Military)1
SS Operation Reinhard staff(State)1
Trawniki-trained auxiliaries(Militia / auxiliaries)2
Wehrmacht(Military)1
Nuremberg city council(State)1
Rintfleisch and accompanying mobs(Mob)1
Stephan Balliet(Individual)1
Unnamed neo-Nazi identified posthumously by Munich prosecutors(Individual)1
Urban burghers(Mob)1
Urban mobs(Mob)1
Vincenz Fettmilch(Individual)1
West German Revolutionary Cells(Terror organization)1

Greece

Greek revolutionary insurgents(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Local Greek Orthodox rioters(Mob)1
Local Greek police(State)1
Ottoman governor and local authorities on Rhodes(State)1

Hungary

Arrow Cross government of Ferenc Szálasi(State)1
Arrow Cross Party militias (Nyilas)(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Hungarian army units(Military)1
King Louis the Great of Hungary(State)1
Local villagers(Mob)1
Miskolc industrial workers and a crowd(Mob)1

India

Portuguese garrison at Cochin(Military)1

Iran

Grand Vizier Mohammad Beg(State)1
Islamic Republic of Iran(State)1
Islamic Revolutionary Tribunal(State)1
Muslim crowd in Mashhad(Mob)1
Rioters in the Shiraz Jewish quarter(Mob)1
Shah Abbas I(State)1
Shah Abbas II(State)1

Iraq

Ba'th government of Iraq and a revolutionary tribunal(State)1
Baghdad civilians and Bedouin from the city's outskirts(Mob)1
Futtuwa (al-Futuwwa) youth(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Iraqi government and military courts(State)1
Iraqi military court and government(State)1
Iraqi soldiers and policemen who had supported Rashid Ali al-Kailani(Military)1
Street gangs and unidentified attackers(Mob)1

Ireland

Father John Creagh of the Redemptorist Order(Religious authority)1
Local boycotters and rioters in Limerick(Mob)1

Israel

Arab guerrillas(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Arab rioters(Mob)1
Arab rioters in Hebron(Mob)1
Arab rioters in Jaffa and surrounding villages(Mob)1
Arab rioters in Jerusalem(Mob)1
Arab rioters in Safed(Mob)1
Arab villagers and peasant rebels against Muhammad Ali(Mob)1
Armed Arab rebel gang(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Byzantine emperor Heraclius and imperial forces(State)1
Clergy and monks of Jerusalem who demanded the killings(Religious authority)1
First Crusade forces under Godfrey of Bouillon and other leaders(Military)1
Local Arab fighters(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Members of the Jaffa police(State)1
Palestinian gunman (East Jerusalem resident)(Individual)1
Roman army under Julius Severus(Military)2
Roman army under Titus(Military)1
Roman imperial government of Hadrian(State)3

Italy

Doges and Senate of the Republic of Genoa(State)1
Emperor Charles V and the Spanish viceregal government of Naples(State)1
Fascist government of Benito Mussolini(State)1
Ferdinand II of Aragon(State)1
Franciscan preacher Bernardino da Feltre(Religious authority)1
Imperial landsknechts under Johann von Aldringen and Matthias Gallas(Military)1
Inquisition(Religious authority)
Clergy and the Inquisition in Genoa(Religious authority)1
Roman Inquisition(Religious authority)1
Italian government under Benito Mussolini(State)1
King Philip II of Spain(State)1
Podestà Johann Sala(State)1
Pope Paul IV(Religious authority)2
Pope Pius V(Religious authority)1
Prince-Bishop Johannes Hinderbach(Religious authority)1

Japan

Japanese Red Army(Terror organization)1

Jordan

Arab Legion(Military)2

Latvia

General Pavel Kurlov, police chief for the Baltic region(Military)1
Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army(Military)1
Latvian auxiliaries (Arajs Kommando)(Militia / auxiliaries)1

Lebanon

Hezbollah(Terror organization)2
Organization of the Oppressed on Earth(Terror organization)1
Lebanese government(State)1
Local crowd in Deir al-Qamar(Mob)1
National Resistance Army, the Nation's Liberation Faction(Terror organization)1
Unidentified attackers of the Jewish quarter in Beirut(Mob)1
Unidentified bombers of the Alliance Israélite Universelle school(Individual)1

Libya

Libyan Council of Ministers(State)1
Muslim rioters in Tripoli(Mob)1
Muslim rioters in Tripolitania(Mob)1
Rioters in Tripoli and Benghazi(Mob)1

Lithuania

Governor of Kovno gubernia(State)1
Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army(Military)1
Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) and other Lithuanian "partisans"(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Lithuanian auxiliaries(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Lithuanian police auxiliaries(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Lithuanian police guards(Militia / auxiliaries)1

Mexico

Golden Shirts (Camisas Doradas)(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Inquisition(Religious authority)
Mexican Tribunal of the Inquisition(Religious authority)1
Street mob(Mob)1

Moldova

Local rioters(Mob)2

Morocco

Banu Ifran under Abu'l-Kamal Tamim(Military)1
Civilian looters in Fez(Mob)1
Muslim rioters in Oujda and Jerada(Mob)1
Mutinous Moroccan soldiers(Military)1
Rebels in Fez(Mob)1
Sultan Mulay al-Yazid (Muley Yazid) and his forces(State)1

Netherlands

Groups of young men, including men on scooters(Mob)1

Norway

Arfan Bhatti(Individual)1
Norwegian State Police(State)1
NS Hird and Germanic SS Norway(Militia / auxiliaries)1

Pakistan

Lashkar-e-Taiba(Terror organization)1

Peru

Inquisition(Religious authority)
Lima Tribunal of the Inquisition(Religious authority)1
Unidentified attackers(Terror organization)1

Poland

Government of the Polish People's Republic under Premier Józef Cyrankiewicz(State)1
Local rioters(Mob)2
Military and police forces(State)1
Ministry of Home Affairs under Mieczysław Moczar(State)1
Peasant crowd at the Kazimierzowski fair(Mob)1
Polish civilians(Mob)2
Polish inhabitants of Jedwabne and nearby villages(Mob)1
Polish right-wing activists(Mob)1
Polish soldiers and police(Military)1
Polish soldiers and policemen in the crowd(Military)1
Polish United Workers' Party leadership under Władysław Gomułka(State)1
Priest Budek, canon of Wiślica(Religious authority)1
Urban mob(Mob)1

Portugal

Christian mob in Lisbon(Mob)1
Dominican friars João Mocho and Bernaldo(Religious authority)1
King Manuel I of Portugal(State)1

Romania

Bucharest civilians(Mob)1
German soldiers stationed in Iași(Military)1
Ion Antonescu and the Romanian government(State)1
Iron Guard (Legionary Movement)(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Legion-controlled police and Bucharest Prefecture personnel(State)1
Romanian army and gendarmerie(Military)2
Romanian army units withdrawing from Bessarabia and northern Bukovina(Military)1
Romanian army, police and gendarmes(Military)1
Romanian civilians(Mob)1

Russia

Aleksandr Koptsev(Individual)1
Grand Prince Sergei Aleksandrovich, Governor-General of Moscow(State)1
Imperial government of Alexander III(State)1
Local auxiliaries(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Ministry of State Security (MGB)(State)2
Unidentified gunmen(Terror organization)1

Saudi Arabia

Muhammad(State)2
Umar ibn al-Khattab(State)1

Singapore

Japanese occupation authorities in Singapore(Military)1

Slovakia

Freiwillige Schutzstaffel (Slovak ethnic German Volunteer SS)(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Hlinka Guard(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Local civilians(Mob)1
Members of the National Security (police) and soldiers who joined the crowd(Military)1
Slovak gendarmes(State)1

South Africa

PAGAD G-Force (Grassy Park cell)(Terror organization)1
Right-wing bombers charged over the synagogue blast, including former AWB Johannesburg leader Leonard Veenendal(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Umkhonto we Sizwe (Mahommed Iqbal Shaik)(Military)1

Spain

Anti-Jewish mobs in Navarre(Mob)1
Berber forces under Sulaiman(Military)1
Christian urban mob(Mob)1
Christian urban mob in Seville(Mob)1
Christian urban mob in Valencia(Mob)1
Christian urban mobs(Mob)1
Christians of Jamona and Magona led by Severus(Mob)1
Council of Valmaseda(State)1
Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile(State)1
Ferrand Martínez(Individual)2
Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon(State)2
Juntas Generales of Vizcaya(State)1
King Sisebut of the Visigoths(State)1
Muslim mob in Granada(Mob)1
Severus(Religious authority)1
Sulaiman(State)1
Tomás de Torquemada(Religious authority)1

Sweden

Masked attackers(Mob)1

Switzerland

Basel guilds(Mob)1
Basel town council(State)1
Bern city council and burghers(State)1
Bern mob(Mob)1
Zurich municipal council(State)1
Zurich populace and guilds(Mob)1

Syria

Arab mob in Aleppo(Mob)1
Bishop of Callinicum (name not recorded)(Religious authority)1
Christians of Callinicum acting on the authority of the local bishop(Mob)1
Count Ratti-Menton, French consul in Damascus(Individual)1
Local crowd that attacked the Jobar synagogue(Mob)1
Sherif Pasha, Egyptian governor of Damascus(State)1
Syrian intelligence officers operating in Lebanon(State)1

Tunisia

Byzantine emperor Heraclius(State)1
Eparch (prefect) of Africa(State)1
Local Arab rioters in Gabès(Mob)1
Rioters in Tunis(Mob)1

Türkiye

Local civilian attackers in Eastern Thrace(Mob)1
Two unidentified gunmen who spoke Arabic(Individual)1

Uganda

Ugandan government under President Idi Amin(State)1

Ukraine

Army and police who did not stop the rioters(State)1
Civilian rioters and looters(Mob)1
Cossack and peasant forces under Bohdan Khmelnytsky(Military)1
Cossack forces of Bohdan Khmelnytsky(Military)1
Crimean Tatar allies of the Cossacks(Military)1
Emperor Nicholas I(State)1
Forces nominally under the Ukrainian Directory (Symon Petliura)(Military)1
German railroad police(State)1
German Schutzpolizei(State)1
Governor-General Zheltukhin of Kiev(State)1
Greek sailors and local Greeks in Odessa(Mob)1
Haidamak regiment under otaman Ivan Semesenko(Military)1
Haidamaks under Maksim Zhelezniak and Ivan Gonta(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Hungarian gendarmerie(State)1
Independent armed bands and local peasant groups(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Ion Antonescu(State)1
Local anti-Bolshevik insurgents and peasant bands(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Local Orthodox townspeople(Mob)1
Local Polish and Ukrainian civilians(Mob)1
Local rioters(Mob)4
Local rioters in Odessa(Mob)2
Locally recruited auxiliaries(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Loyalist mobs(Mob)2
Police and troops who failed to stop the riot(State)1
Polish soldiers and civilians(Military)1
Red Army units (a smaller share of recorded pogroms)(Military)1
Terek Cossack brigade and Volchansk detachment of the White forces(Military)1
Ukrainian army units(Military)1
Ukrainian auxiliary police(Militia / auxiliaries)2
Ukrainian militia and OUN-B activists(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Ukrainian militia escorts(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Ukrainian police(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Ukrainian policemen(Militia / auxiliaries)1
White Volunteer Army of Anton Denikin(Military)1

United Kingdom

Abbot Samson of Bury St Edmunds(Religious authority)1
County militia and urban mob(Mob)1
Edward I(State)1
Edward I and royal officers(State)1
Henry III(State)1
John of Lexington(Individual)1
Local gentry indebted to Jews(Individual)1
Local mob(Mob)1
Mob in Westminster and Old Jewry(Mob)1
Richard Malebisse and indebted local gentry(Individual)1
Townsmen of Bury St Edmunds(Mob)1
Urban mobs and crusaders(Mob)1

United States

Armed lynch mob(Mob)1
Buford O. Furrow Jr.(Individual)1
Crowd of attackers(Mob)1
David N. Anderson(Individual)1
Francine Graham(Individual)1
Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.(Individual)1
Grafton Thomas(Individual)1
Hesham Mohamed Hadayet(Individual)1
John T. Earnest(Individual)1
Lemrick Nelson Jr.(Individual)1
Malik Faisal Akram(Individual)1
Naveed Afzal Haq(Individual)1
Robert Bowers(Individual)1
White-supremacist bombers linked to the National States' Rights Party(Militia / auxiliaries)1

Uruguay

Carlos Omar Peralta López(Individual)1

Uzbekistan

Local mob in Margilan(Mob)1
Local rioters in Tashkent(Mob)1

Venezuela

Armed assailants (prosecutors later charged police officers and civilians)(Individual)1
Unidentified assailants(Individual)1

Yemen

Abd al-Nabi ibn Mahdi(State)1
Arab rioters in Aden(Mob)1
Armed mob in Crater, Aden(Mob)1
Imam al-Mahdi Ahmad ibn al-Hasan(State)1
Imam Yahya Hamid al-Din and Zaydi state officers(State)1

No country

Al-Qaeda(Terror organization)2
Almohad caliphs(State)1
Axis-allied governments and local collaborators(State)1
Bulgarian military, police and Commissariat for Jewish Affairs(State)1
Flemish Belgian auxiliaries at the Dossin barracks(Militia / auxiliaries)1
Gauleiter Josef Bürckel(State)1
German authorities, who took custody of the transports to Treblinka(State)1
German civilians(Mob)1
Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army(Military)1
Greek inhabitants of Alexandria(Mob)1
Hungarian gendarmerie and civil authorities(State)1
Inquisition(Religious authority)
Tribunal of the Inquisition(Religious authority)1
Islamic State(Terror organization)1
John III and Catherine I of Navarre(State)1
John Zimberlin ("King Armleder") and Armleder bands(Mob)1
Judenschläger bands in Franconia(Mob)1
Local police and soldiers (inaction or participation)(State)1
Loyalist mobs and Black Hundreds(Mob)1
Manghit rulers of the Bukharan Emirate(State)1
Nikolai Yanushkevich, Chief of the General Staff(Military)1
Palestinians(Militia / auxiliaries)
Abu Nidal Organization(Terror organization)2
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine(Terror organization)1
Hamas(Terror organization)4
Hamas (Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades)(Terror organization)2
Hamas Nukhba force(Terror organization)2
May 15 Organization(Terror organization)1
Other Palestinian armed groups(Militia / auxiliaries)3
Palestinian Islamic Jihad(Terror organization)5
PLO(Terror organization)
Fatah(Terror organization)1
Black September(Terror organization)1
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine(Terror organization)2
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command(Terror organization)1
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – Special Operations(Terror organization)1
Reich Security Main Office(State)1
Reich Security Main Office under Reinhard Heydrich(State)1
Roman forces under Lusius Quietus(Military)1
Roman forces under Quintus Marcius Turbo(Military)1
State Police offices(State)1
Town councils(State)1
Urban and rural mobs(Mob)1
Urban mobs and guilds(Mob)1