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326 events

Alexandrian riots under Flaccus
38 CEAlexandria
Aulus Avilius Flaccus; Greek and other non-Jewish mobs in Alexandria
PogromPersecution
Siege of Jerusalem and destruction of the Second Temple
April 70 CE – September 70 CEJerusalemKilled (estimate): 1,100,000
Roman army under Titus
MassacreDisputed
Suppression of the Diaspora revolt (Kitos War)
115 CE – 117 CEEgypt
Roman forces under Quintus Marcius Turbo; Roman forces under Lusius Quietus; Greek inhabitants of Alexandria
MassacreDisputed
Suppression of the Diaspora revolt (Kitos War) ›
Ban on Jewish presence in Cyprus
117 CECyprus
Roman imperial government under Trajan
ExpulsionPersecutionDisputed
Suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt
132 CE – 135 CEJudaeaKilled (estimate): 580,000
Roman army under Julius Severus; Roman imperial government of Hadrian
MassacreDisputed
Suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt ›
Ban on Jews entering Jerusalem
135 CEJerusalem (Aelia Capitolina)
Roman imperial government of Hadrian
ExpulsionPersecutionDisputed
Suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt ›
Fall of Bethar
135 CEBethar
Roman army under Julius Severus
Massacre
Suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt ›
Hadrianic persecutions
c. 135 CE – 138 CEJudaea and Galilee
Roman imperial government of Hadrian
PersecutionDisputed
Burning of the Callinicum synagogue
388 CECallinicum (Raqqa)
Christians of Callinicum acting on the authority of the local bishop; Bishop of Callinicum (name not recorded)
Persecution
Expulsion of the Jews from Alexandria under Cyril
414 CE – 415 CEAlexandria
Cyril; Christian crowd led by Cyril
ExpulsionPogromDisputed
Forced conversion of the Jews of Minorca
February 418 CEMagona (Mahón)
Severus; Christians of Jamona and Magona led by Severus
Forced conversionPersecution
Forced conversion of the Jews of Visigothic Spain under Sisebut
c. 612 CE – 614 CEVisigothic Kingdom (Hispania)
King Sisebut of the Visigoths
Forced conversionExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Banu Qaynuqa from Medina
624 CEMedina (Yathrib)
Muhammad
ExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Banu Nadir from Medina
625 CEMedina (Yathrib)
Muhammad
ExpulsionDisputed
Massacre and expulsion of Jews from Jerusalem under Heraclius
629 CE – 630 CEJerusalem and Galilee
Byzantine emperor Heraclius and imperial forces; Clergy and monks of Jerusalem who demanded the killings
MassacreExpulsionDisputed
Forced baptism of the Jews of Carthage under Heraclius
31 May 632 CECarthage and Byzantine Africa
Byzantine emperor Heraclius; Eparch (prefect) of Africa
Forced conversion
Expulsion of the Jews of Khaybar
c. 640 CEKhaybar
Umar ibn al-Khattab
ExpulsionDisputed
Persecutions under the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim
1004 – 1021Egypt (Cairo and Fustat)
Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
PersecutionForced conversion
Expulsion of the Jews from Cordoba
19 April 1013Córdoba
Sulaiman; Berber forces under Sulaiman
ExpulsionDisputed
Fez massacre of 1033
c. 1033FezKilled (estimate): 6,000
Banu Ifran under Abu'l-Kamal Tamim
MassacreDisputed
Granada massacre of 1066
30 December 1066GranadaKilled (estimate): 1,500 – 4,000
Muslim mob in Granada
MassacrePogromDisputed
Rhineland massacres of 1096 ›
Prague crusade massacre
1096Prague
Crusader bands of the People's Crusade
MassacrePogromForced conversion
Rhineland massacres of 1096 ›
Massacre at Speyer
3 May 1096SpeyerKilled (estimate): 11
Crusaders and accompanying rabble
Massacre
Rhineland massacres of 1096
May 1096 – July 1096Rhineland (SpeyerKilled (estimate): 4,000 – 5,000
Crusader bands under Count Emicho of Leiningen; Urban burghers
MassacrePogromForced conversionDisputed
Rhineland massacres of 1096 ›
Massacre at Worms
18 May 1096 – 25 May 1096WormsKilled (estimate): 400 – 800
Crusaders and urban mob
MassacreForced conversionDisputed
Rhineland massacres of 1096 ›
Massacre at Mainz
27 May 1096 – 1 June 1096MainzKilled (estimate): 1,000 – 1,100
Crusader band of Count Emicho; Mainz burghers
MassacreForced conversionDisputed
Crusader massacre of Jews in Jerusalem
15 July 1099Jerusalem
First Crusade forces under Godfrey of Bouillon and other leaders
Massacre
Almohad persecutions of Jews
c. 1140sMaghreb and al-Andalus
Almohad caliphs
PersecutionForced conversion
Forced conversion of Yemenite Jews
c. 1165 – 1172Yemen
Abd al-Nabi ibn Mahdi
Forced conversionPersecution
Blois blood libel
26 May 1171BloisKilled (estimate): 31 – 33
Theobald V
Blood libelMassacreDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from the French royal domain
April 1182 – June 1182Royal domain of France
Philip II Augustus
Expulsion
Massacres of the Jews in England under Richard I ›
London coronation riot
3 September 1189Old JewryKilled (estimate): 30
Mob in Westminster and Old Jewry
Pogrom
Massacres of the Jews in England under Richard I
3 September 1189 – 18 March 1190Kingdom of England
Urban mobs and crusaders; Local gentry indebted to Jews
PogromMassacre
Massacres of the Jews in England under Richard I ›
Massacre of the Jews at Norwich
6 February 1190Norwich
Local mob
PogromMassacre
Massacres of the Jews in England under Richard I ›
Massacre at Clifford's Tower
16 March 1190 – 17 March 1190Clifford's TowerKilled (estimate): 150
Richard Malebisse and indebted local gentry; County militia and urban mob
MassacreForced conversionDisputed
Massacres of the Jews in England under Richard I ›
Massacre of the Jews at Bury St Edmunds
18 March 1190Bury St EdmundsKilled (estimate): 57
Townsmen of Bury St Edmunds; Abbot Samson of Bury St Edmunds
MassacreExpulsion
Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln blood libel
31 July 1255 – 23 November 1255Lincoln and LondonKilled (estimate): 19
Henry III; John of Lexington
Blood libel
Coin-clipping arrests and executions of English Jews
17 November 1278 – 7 May 1279England (executions in London)Killed (estimate): 269 – 293
Edward I and royal officers
PersecutionDisputed
Burning of the Jews of Troyes
24 April 1288TroyesKilled (estimate): 13
Tribunal of the Inquisition
Blood libelMassacreDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from England
18 July 1290 – 1 November 1290Kingdom of EnglandExpelled (estimate): 3,000 – 16,000
Edward I
ExpulsionDisputed
Bern blood libel
1293 – 1294Bern
Bern city council and burghers; Bern mob
Blood libelExpulsionMassacreDisputed
Rintfleisch massacres
April 1298 – October 1298Franconia and neighbouring landsKilled (estimate): 4,000 – 5,000
Rintfleisch and accompanying mobs
PogromMassacreBlood libelDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from France, 1306
22 July 1306 – October 1306Kingdom of France
Philip IV (the Fair)
ExpulsionDisputed
Pastoureaux massacres
1320Southern France (Languedoc and the Garonne)
Pastoureaux (Shepherds' Crusade of 1320)
PogromMassacreForced conversionDisputed
Navarre massacres of 1328
5 March 1328 – 1328EstellaKilled (estimate): 6,000
Anti-Jewish mobs in Navarre
PogromMassacre
Armleder persecutions
1336 – 1339Alsace and Franconia
John Zimberlin ("King Armleder") and Armleder bands; Judenschläger bands in Franconia
PogromMassacrePersecution
Pulkau host-desecration massacres
12 April 1338 – 23 April 1338Pulkau, Lower Austria
Local mobs
Blood libelMassacrePogrom
Black Death massacres
1348 – 1349German lands of the Holy Roman Empire and Alsace
Town councils; Urban mobs and guilds
PogromMassacre
Black Death massacres ›
Massacre of the Jews of Erfurt
1349ErfurtKilled (estimate): 900 – 3,000
Erfurt aldermen and patricians
MassacrePogromDisputed
Black Death massacres ›
Basel Black Death massacre
9 January 1349BaselKilled (estimate): 100 – 600
Basel guilds; Basel town council
PogromMassacreForced conversionDisputed
Black Death massacres ›
Burning of the Jews of Strasbourg
14 February 1349StrasbourgKilled (estimate): 2,000
New town council of Strasbourg; Guildsmen
MassacrePogromForced conversionDisputed
Black Death massacres ›
Zurich Black Death massacre
22 February 1349 – 23 February 1349Zurich
Zurich populace and guilds; Zurich municipal council
PogromMassacreDisputed
Black Death massacres ›
Massacre of the Jews of Mainz, 1349
22 August 1349MainzKilled (estimate): 6,000
Mainz populace
MassacrePogrom
Black Death massacres ›
Brussels Black Death massacre
December 1349Brussels and Brabant
Urban populace; Local authorities
PogromMassacre
Expulsion of the Jews from Hungary
1360 – 1364Kingdom of Hungary
King Louis the Great of Hungary
Expulsion
Brussels host-desecration executions
22 May 1370Brussels and LeuvenKilled (estimate): 6 – 500
Ducal and municipal authorities of Brabant
Blood libelMassacreExpulsionDisputed
Prague Easter massacre
18 April 1389Prague ghettoKilled (estimate): 400 – 3,000
Prague clergy, including Ješek Čtyrhranný; Urban mob
PogromMassacreDisputed
Massacres of 1391 ›
Massacre of the Jews of Seville
6 June 1391SevilleKilled (estimate): 4,000
Christian urban mob in Seville; Ferrand Martínez
MassacrePogromForced conversionDisputed
Massacres of 1391
6 June 1391 – 13 August 1391Crown of Castile, Crown of Aragon and Majorca
Christian urban mobs; Ferrand Martínez
MassacrePogromForced conversion
Massacres of 1391 ›
Massacre of the Jews of Valencia
9 July 1391ValenciaKilled (estimate): 200 – 250
Christian urban mob in Valencia
MassacrePogromForced conversion
Massacres of 1391 ›
Massacre of the Jews of Barcelona
5 August 1391 – 10 August 1391BarcelonaKilled (estimate): 250 – 400
Christian urban mob
MassacrePogromForced conversionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from France, 1394
17 September 1394Kingdom of France
Charles VI
Expulsion
Kraków Easter riot of 1407
27 March 1407Jewish quarter, Kraków
Priest Budek, canon of Wiślica; Urban mob
PogromBlood libel
Vienna Gesera
23 May 1420 – 12 March 1421Vienna and Lower AustriaKilled (estimate): 200 – 210
Duke Albert V of Austria
MassacreExpulsionForced conversionPersecution
Expulsion of the Jews from Cologne
August 1423 – October 1424Cologne
Cologne city council
Expulsion
Expulsion of the Jews from Augsburg
8 July 1438 – 1440AugsburgExpelled (estimate): 150 – 300
Augsburg town council
ExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Mainz
25 July 1438Mainz
Mainz city government
ExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Upper Bavaria
1442Upper Bavaria
Duke Albrecht of Upper Bavaria (the Pious)
Expulsion
Expulsion of the Jews from Lower Bavaria
5 October 1450Lower Bavaria
Duke Louis the Wealthy
Expulsion
Fez massacre of 1465
1465Fez
Rebels in Fez
MassacrePogromForced conversion
Trent blood libel
23 March 1475 – 16 January 1476Trento (Trent)Killed (estimate): 8 – 14
Prince-Bishop Johannes Hinderbach; Franciscan preacher Bernardino da Feltre; Podestà Johann Sala
Blood libelMassacreDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Andalusia
1483Andalusia (Córdoba
Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon; Tomás de Torquemada
ExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Vizcaya
1486 – 1489Valmaseda (Balmaseda) and the Lordship of Vizcaya
Council of Valmaseda; Juntas Generales of Vizcaya; Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon
Expulsion
Expulsion of the Jews from Sicily and Sardinia
March 1492 – January 1493Sicily and SardiniaExpelled (estimate): 37,000
Ferdinand II of Aragon
ExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
31 March 1492 – 31 July 1492Crowns of Castile and AragonExpelled (estimate): 165,000
Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
ExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Styria, Carinthia and Wiener Neustadt
9 March 1496 – 6 January 1497Styria, Carinthia and Wiener Neustadt
Emperor Maximilian I; Estates of Styria and Carinthia
Expulsion
Forced conversion of the Jews of Portugal
December 1496 – October 1497Kingdom of Portugal
King Manuel I of Portugal
Forced conversionExpulsion
Expulsion of the Jews from Navarre
1498Kingdom of Navarre
John III and Catherine I of Navarre
ExpulsionForced conversion
Expulsion of the Jews from Provence
1498 – 1501Provence
King of France
ExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Nuremberg
21 June 1498 – March 1499Nuremberg
Emperor Maximilian I; Nuremberg city council
Expulsion
Lisbon massacre
19 April 1506 – 21 April 1506LisbonKilled (estimate): 2,000 – 4,000
Christian mob in Lisbon; Dominican friars João Mocho and Bernaldo
MassacrePogromDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from the Kingdom of Naples
1510 – 1541Kingdom of Naples
Emperor Charles V and the Spanish viceregal government of Naples
ExpulsionDisputed
Berlin host-desecration trial and expulsion from Brandenburg
10 July 1510Mark Brandenburg (executions in Berlin)Killed (estimate): 38 – 39Expelled (estimate): 400 – 500
Electoral authorities of the Mark Brandenburg
MassacreExpulsionPersecutionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Regensburg
21 February 1519RegensburgExpelled (estimate): 500 – 800
City council of Regensburg; Guilds of Regensburg
ExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Prague
1541 – 1545Prague
Ferdinand I, King of Bohemia; Bohemian Diet and Prague burghers
Expulsion
Expulsion of the Jews from the Duchy of Bavaria
21 December 1551 – 1553Duchy of Bavaria
Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria; Estates of Bavaria
Expulsion
Establishment of the Rome ghetto
14 July 1555Rome
Pope Paul IV
Persecution
Execution of Portuguese conversos at Ancona
1556AnconaKilled (estimate): 24 – 25
Pope Paul IV; Roman Inquisition
Forced conversionMassacrePersecutionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from the Papal States
26 February 1569Papal States except Rome and Ancona
Pope Pius V
Expulsion
Expulsion of the Jews from the Duchy of Milan
1597Duchy of Milan
King Philip II of Spain
Expulsion
Expulsion of the Jews from Genoa
8 January 1598Genoa
Doges and Senate of the Republic of Genoa; Clergy and the Inquisition in Genoa
Expulsion
Forced conversions under Shah Abbas I
c. 1613 – 1629Safavid Persia (Isfahan and other cities)
Shah Abbas I
Forced conversionPersecution
Fettmilch expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt
22 August 1614 – February 1616Frankfurt am MainKilled (estimate): 2Expelled (estimate): 1,380
Vincenz Fettmilch; Guildsmen and other citizens of Frankfurt
ExpulsionPogrom
Expulsion of the Jews from Worms
20 April 1615 – January 1616Worms
Dr. Chemnitz; Guilds of Worms
Expulsion
Defeat of the Beta Israel under Susenyos
1626 – 1632Dembea and Semien
Emperor Susenyos and the Ethiopian royal army
MassacreForced conversion
Expulsion of the Jews from Mantua
July 1630MantuaExpelled (estimate): 1,600 – 1,800
Imperial landsknechts under Johann von Aldringen and Matthias Gallas
ExpulsionDisputed
Lima auto-da-fé of 1639
23 January 1639LimaKilled (estimate): 10 – 11
Lima Tribunal of the Inquisition
PersecutionMassacreDisputed
Khmelnytsky massacres (Gzeyres Takh Vetat)
1648 – 1649Ukrainian lands of the Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthKilled (estimate): 18,000 – 20,000
Cossack and peasant forces under Bohdan Khmelnytsky; Crimean Tatar allies of the Cossacks
MassacrePogromDisputed
Khmelnytsky massacres (Gzeyres Takh Vetat) ›
Nemyriv massacre
10 June 1648Nemyriv
Cossack forces of Bohdan Khmelnytsky; Local Orthodox townspeople
MassacrePogrom
Mexico City auto-da-fé of 1649
11 April 1649Mexico CityKilled (estimate): 1
Mexican Tribunal of the Inquisition
PersecutionMassacre
Expulsion of the Jews from Recife
January 1654 – April 1654Recife (Pernambuco)
Francisco Barreto; Portuguese Crown
Expulsion
Forced conversions under Shah Abbas II
1656 – 1662Safavid Persia (Isfahan, Kashan and other cities)
Shah Abbas II; Grand Vizier Mohammad Beg
Forced conversionExpulsionPersecution
Portuguese attack on the Cochin Jewish quarter
1662 – 1663Cochin (Kochi), Mattancherry
Portuguese garrison at Cochin
PogromPersecution
Expulsion of the Jews from Vienna
1 March 1670 – 1 August 1670ViennaExpelled (estimate): 3,000 – 4,000
Emperor Leopold I
Expulsion
Mawza Exile
1679 – 1680Yemen (expelled to Mawza, Tihama)
Imam al-Mahdi Ahmad ibn al-Hasan
ExpulsionPersecutionForced conversion
Maria Theresa expulsion of the Jews from Prague
December 1744 – August 1748Prague and Bohemia
Maria Theresa
Expulsion
Forced conversions of Bukharan Jews
c. 1750s – 1860sBukhara Emirate
Manghit rulers of the Bukharan Emirate
Forced conversionPersecution
Uman massacre
18 June 1768UmanKilled (estimate): 3,000 – 20,000
Haidamaks under Maksim Zhelezniak and Ivan Gonta
MassacrePogromDisputed
Yazid persecutions of Moroccan Jews
1790 – 1792Tetuan
Sultan Mulay al-Yazid (Muley Yazid) and his forces
PogromMassacrePersecution
Hep-Hep riots
August 1819German Confederation (from Würzburg)
Urban mobs
Pogrom
Jewish massacres in the Greek War of Independence
1821Peloponnese and Attica (Ottoman Morea)Killed (estimate): 1,200 – 5,000
Greek revolutionary insurgents
MassacreDisputed
Odessa pogrom of 1821
1821Odessa (Odesa)
Local rioters in Odessa
Pogrom
Expulsion of Jews from the villages of Mogilev and Vitebsk
11 April 1823 – January 1825Mogilev and Vitebsk governoratesExpelled (estimate): 20,000
Emperor Alexander I; Committee of Ministers; Governor-General Khovanski of White Russia
ExpulsionDisputed
Expulsion of the Jews from Kiev, 1827
2 December 1827 – 1 February 1835Kiev (Kyiv)
Emperor Nicholas I; Governor-General Zheltukhin of Kiev
ExpulsionPersecution
Safed pogrom of 1834
1834Safed
Arab villagers and peasant rebels against Muhammad Ali
Pogrom
Allahdad of Mashhad
27 March 1839MashhadKilled (estimate): 32 – 36
Muslim crowd in Mashhad
PogromForced conversionMassacre
Rhodes blood libel
1840Rhodes, Ottoman Empire
Ottoman governor and local authorities on Rhodes
Blood libelPersecution
Damascus Affair
5 February 1840 – 28 August 1840DamascusKilled (estimate): 1 – 4
Sherif Pasha, Egyptian governor of Damascus; Count Ratti-Menton, French consul in Damascus; Local crowd that attacked the Jobar synagogue
Blood libelPersecutionDisputed
Deir al-Qamar blood libel
April 1847Deir al-Qamar (Deir-el-Kamar)
Local crowd in Deir al-Qamar
Blood libelDisputed
Surami blood libel
June 1850 – 1853Surami
Local investigators and the Imperial Senate
Blood libelPersecutionDisputed
Odessa pogrom of 1859
1859Odessa (Odesa)
Greek sailors and local Greeks in Odessa
Pogrom
Odessa pogrom of 1871
1871Odessa (Odesa)
Local rioters in Odessa
Pogrom
Kutaisi blood libel
4 April 1878 – 13 March 1879Sachkhere and Kutaisi
Local Christian villagers in Shorapani district; Kutaisi Circuit Court investigator and prosecutor
Blood libelPogromDisputed
Pogroms of 1881–1884 ›
Odessa pogrom of 1881
1881Odessa (Odesa)
Local rioters
Pogrom
Pogroms of 1881–1884
April 1881 – June 1884Southwestern provinces of the Russian Empire, mainly Ukraine, and WarsawKilled (estimate): 25 – 100
Urban and rural mobs
PogromDisputed
Pogroms of 1881–1884 ›
Elisavetgrad pogrom
27 April 1881 – 28 April 1881Elisavetgrad (Kropyvnytskyi)
Local rioters
Pogrom
Pogroms of 1881–1884 ›
Kiev pogrom of 1881
8 May 1881 – 11 May 1881Kiev (Kyiv)
Local rioters
Pogrom
Pogroms of 1881–1884 ›
Warsaw pogrom of 1881
25 December 1881 – 27 December 1881WarsawKilled (estimate): 12
Local rioters
Pogrom
Pogroms of 1881–1884 ›
Balta pogrom
10 May 1882BaltaKilled (estimate): 2 – 8
Local rioters
PogromDisputed
Moscow Jewish expulsion
28 March 1891 – 15 October 1892MoscowExpelled (estimate): 20,000
Imperial government of Alexander III; Grand Prince Sergei Aleksandrovich, Governor-General of Moscow
ExpulsionPersecution
Corfu blood libel
12 April 1891 – May 1891Corfu, Kingdom of GreeceKilled (estimate): 20
Local Greek Orthodox rioters
Blood libelPogromDisputed
Kutaisi pogrom
1895Kutaisi
Local Christian rioters
Pogrom
Algerian antisemitic riots of 1897–1898
18 May 1897 – January 1898Mostaganem, Oran, Algiers and other towns in French AlgeriaKilled (estimate): 2
European settler antisemites, including Max Régis in Algiers
Pogrom
Kishinev pogrom
6 April 1903 – 7 April 1903Kishinev (Chișinău)Killed (estimate): 49
Local rioters
PogromBlood libel
Homel pogrom
11 September 1903 – 14 September 1903Homel (Gomel)Killed (estimate): 25
Railway workers and local rioters; Soldiers who fired on Jewish self-defence
Pogrom
Limerick boycott
11 January 1904 – 1905Colooney Street, Limerick
Father John Creagh of the Redemptorist Order; Local boycotters and rioters in Limerick
PersecutionDisputed
Pogroms of 1905–1906
October 1905 – June 1906Pale of Settlement and Kingdom of Poland, Russian EmpireKilled (estimate): 800 – 876
Loyalist mobs and Black Hundreds; Local police and soldiers (inaction or participation)
Pogrom
Pogroms of 1905–1906 ›
Kiev pogrom of 1905
18 October 1905 – 20 October 1905Kiev (Kyiv)
Loyalist mobs; Army and police who did not stop the rioters
Pogrom
Pogroms of 1905–1906 ›
Odessa pogrom of 1905
18 October 1905 – 22 October 1905Odessa (Odesa)Killed (estimate): 300 – 800
Loyalist mobs; Police and troops who failed to stop the riot
PogromDisputed
Pogroms of 1905–1906 ›
Kishinev pogrom of 1905
19 October 1905 – 20 October 1905Kishinev (Chișinău)Killed (estimate): 19
Local rioters
Pogrom
Pogroms of 1905–1906 ›
Białystok pogrom
13 June 1906 – 15 June 1906BiałystokKilled (estimate): 80 – 82
Local rioters; Military and police forces
Pogrom
Shiraz blood libel and pogrom
30 October 1910Shiraz (Jewish quarter)Killed (estimate): 12
Rioters in the Shiraz Jewish quarter
PogromBlood libelDisputed
Tritl of Fez
April 1912FezKilled (estimate): 45
Mutinous Moroccan soldiers; Civilian looters in Fez
Pogrom
Russian army expulsions of Jews, 1914–1915
September 1914 – September 1915Front-line provinces of the Russian EmpireExpelled (estimate): 500,000
Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army; Nikolai Yanushkevich, Chief of the General Staff
Expulsion
Russian army expulsions of Jews, 1914–1915 ›
Expulsion of the Jews of Courland, 1915
7 May 1915 – July 1915Courland (Kurzeme)Expelled (estimate): 40,000
Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army; General Pavel Kurlov, police chief for the Baltic region
Expulsion
Russian army expulsions of Jews, 1914–1915 ›
Expulsion of the Jews of Kovno, 1915
16 May 1915 – 19 May 1915Kaunas (Kovno)Expelled (estimate): 40,000
Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army; Governor of Kovno gubernia
Expulsion
Lynching of Leo Frank
17 August 1915Marietta, GeorgiaKilled (estimate): 1
Armed lynch mob
Massacre
Pogroms in Ukraine, 1918–1921
1918 – 1921Ukraine, mainly west of the DnieperKilled (estimate): 50,000 – 60,000
Forces nominally under the Ukrainian Directory (Symon Petliura); White Volunteer Army of Anton Denikin; Independent armed bands and local peasant groups; Red Army units (a smaller share of recorded pogroms)
PogromMassacreDisputed
Kielce pogrom of 1918
11 November 1918 – 12 November 1918KielceKilled (estimate): 4
Polish right-wing activists
Pogrom
Lviv pogrom of November 1918
22 November 1918 – 24 November 1918Lviv (Lwów, Lemberg)Killed (estimate): 73 – 100
Polish soldiers and civilians; Civilian rioters and looters
PogromDisputed
Tragic Week pogrom
January 1919Once neighborhood, Buenos Aires
Argentine police and army; Civilian patriotic bands (Guardia Blanca)
Pogrom
Pogroms in Ukraine, 1918–1921 ›
Zhytomyr pogroms of 1919–1920
1919 – June 1920ZhytomyrKilled (estimate): 400
Ukrainian army units
Pogrom
Pogroms in Ukraine, 1918–1921 ›
Proskuriv pogrom
15 February 1919Proskuriv (Khmelnytskyi)Killed (estimate): 1,000 – 1,700
Haidamak regiment under otaman Ivan Semesenko
PogromMassacreDisputed
Pogroms in Ukraine, 1918–1921 ›
Fastiv pogrom
10 September 1919 – 13 September 1919Fastiv (Fastov)Killed (estimate): 550 – 1,500
Terek Cossack brigade and Volchansk detachment of the White forces
PogromMassacreDisputed
Pogroms in Ukraine, 1918–1921 ›
Tetiiv pogrom
March 1920TetiivKilled (estimate): 4,000 – 5,000
Local anti-Bolshevik insurgents and peasant bands
PogromMassacreDisputed
Nebi Musa riots
4 April 1920 – 7 April 1920JerusalemKilled (estimate): 5 – 6
Arab rioters in Jerusalem
PogromDisputed
Jaffa riots
1 May 1921 – 6 May 1921Jaffa and nearby Jewish agricultural coloniesKilled (estimate): 43
Arab rioters in Jaffa and surrounding villages; Members of the Jaffa police
Pogrom
Orphan's Decree in Yemen
c. 1922 – 1929Yemen
Imam Yahya Hamid al-Din and Zaydi state officers
Forced conversionPersecution
1929 riots
23 August 1929 – 29 August 1929Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Jewish settlementsKilled (estimate): 133 – 183
Arab rioters
PogromMassacreDisputed
1929 riots ›
Hebron massacre
23 August 1929 – 24 August 1929HebronKilled (estimate): 60 – 67
Arab rioters in Hebron
PogromMassacre
1929 riots ›
Safed massacre
29 August 1929 – 30 August 1929SafedKilled (estimate): 22 – 45
Arab rioters in Safed
PogromMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust
30 January 1933 – 8 May 1945Germany and German-occupied and allied EuropeKilled (estimate): 5,700,000 – 6,000,000
Nazi Germany; SS; Wehrmacht; Axis-allied governments and local collaborators
Genocide
Murder of Simon Kaspe
24 August 1933 – 3 December 1933HarbinKilled (estimate): 1
White Russian kidnappers, including Martinov; Russian Fascist Party
Persecution
Expulsion of Jews from northern Afghanistan
September 1933 – November 1933Northern Afghanistan (Mazar-e Sharif, Andkhoi, Maimana)
Government of Afghanistan
ExpulsionPersecutionDisputed
Thrace pogroms
21 June 1934 – July 1934Eastern Thrace (Çanakkale, Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ)Killed (estimate): 0Expelled (estimate): 3,000
Local civilian attackers in Eastern Thrace
PogromExpulsion
Constantine pogrom
3 August 1934 – 5 August 1934ConstantineKilled (estimate): 23 – 25
Muslim rioters in Constantine
PogromDisputed
Przytyk pogrom
9 March 1936PrzytykKilled (estimate): 2
Peasant crowd at the Kazimierzowski fair
Pogrom
Anti-Jewish attacks in Baghdad and Basra
September 1936 – October 1936Baghdad and BasraKilled (estimate): 3
Street gangs and unidentified attackers
Pogrom
The Holocaust ›
Anschluss anti-Jewish violence
11 March 1938 – March 1938Vienna and Austria
Austrian Nazis; Nazi Party
PogromPersecution
The Holocaust ›
Expulsion of the Jews of Burgenland
11 March 1938 – October 1938Burgenland
Gauleiter Tobias Portschy; Gestapo
ExpulsionPersecution
The Holocaust ›
Italian racial laws
1 September 1938 – 10 November 1938Kingdom of Italy
Fascist government of Benito Mussolini
Persecution
Tiberias massacre
2 October 1938TiberiasKilled (estimate): 19 – 21
Armed Arab rebel gang
MassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany
28 October 1938 – 29 October 1938German Reich and the Polish border, including ZbąszyńExpelled (estimate): 16,000 – 18,000
Reich Security Main Office; State Police offices; German Order Police
ExpulsionDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Kristallnacht
9 November 1938 – 10 November 1938Germany, Austria and the SudetenlandKilled (estimate): 91 – 400
Nazi Party; German civilians
PogromDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of Austrian Jews
1939 – 1944ViennaKilled (estimate): 47,555 – 50,000
SS
ExpulsionGenocideDisputed
Mexico City anti-Jewish riot
26 January 1939 – 28 January 1939Mexico City
Golden Shirts (Camisas Doradas); Street mob
PogromDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Auschwitz-Birkenau
1940 – 1945Oświęcim (Auschwitz), German-occupied PolandKilled (estimate): 1,000,000
SS; Nazi Germany
GenocideMassacre
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of Jews from Stettin and Pomerania to the Lublin district
12 February 1940 – 16 February 1940Stettin (Szczecin) and other towns in PomeraniaKilled (estimate): 70 – 251Expelled (estimate): 1,000 – 1,300
Reich Security Main Office under Reinhard Heydrich; SS
ExpulsionGenocideDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Dorohoi pogrom
1 July 1940Dorohoi, RomaniaKilled (estimate): 53 – 200
Romanian army units withdrawing from Bessarabia and northern Bukovina
PogromMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Expulsion of the Jews of Alsace
13 July 1940 – 30 July 1940AlsaceExpelled (estimate): 3,000
Gauleiter Wagner
Expulsion
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of the Jews of Baden, the Palatinate and the Saarland to Gurs
22 October 1940 – 23 October 1940Baden, the Palatinate and the SaarlandExpelled (estimate): 6,504 – 7,000
Gauleiter Josef Bürckel; Gestapo
ExpulsionPersecutionDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Operation Reinhard
1941 – November 1943General Government, German-occupied PolandKilled (estimate): 1,500,000 – 1,700,000
SS; Trawniki-trained auxiliaries
Genocide
The Holocaust ›
Bucharest pogrom
21 January 1941 – 23 January 1941Bucharest, RomaniaKilled (estimate): 100 – 125
Iron Guard (Legionary Movement); Legion-controlled police and Bucharest Prefecture personnel; Bucharest civilians
PogromMassacre
The Holocaust ›
Antwerp pogrom
14 April 1941AntwerpKilled (estimate): 0
Flemish right-wing collaborators; German occupation authorities
PogromDisputed
Gabès pogrom
20 May 1941GabèsKilled (estimate): 7 – 8
Local Arab rioters in Gabès
PogromDisputed
Farhud
1 June 1941 – 2 June 1941BaghdadKilled (estimate): 120 – 180
Iraqi soldiers and policemen who had supported Rashid Ali al-Kailani; Futtuwa (al-Futuwwa) youth; Baghdad civilians and Bedouin from the city's outskirts
PogromDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Kaunas pogroms
23 June 1941 – 7 July 1941Kaunas (Kovno)Killed (estimate): 1,000 – 5,850
Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) and other Lithuanian "partisans"; Einsatzgruppe A; Lithuanian police guards
PogromMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Iași pogrom
28 June 1941 – 30 June 1941Iași, RomaniaKilled (estimate): 4,000 – 14,850
Romanian army, police and gendarmes; German soldiers stationed in Iași; Romanian civilians
PogromMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Lviv pogrom of 1941
30 June 1941 – 2 July 1941Lviv (Lwów, Lemberg)Killed (estimate): 2,000 – 4,000
German occupation authorities; Ukrainian militia and OUN-B activists; Local Polish and Ukrainian civilians
PogromDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Minsk ghetto
July 1941 – 1943MinskKilled (estimate): 80,000 – 100,000
Einsatzgruppe B; SS
MassacreGenocidePersecutionDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Murder of the Jews of Estonia
July 1941 – December 1941EstoniaKilled (estimate): 963 – 1,000
Einsatzgruppe A; Estonian auxiliaries
Massacre
The Holocaust ›
Ponary massacre
July 1941 – July 1944Ponary (Paneriai), near Vilnius (Vilna)Killed (estimate): 70,000 – 75,000
Einsatzgruppen; Lithuanian auxiliaries
MassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Berdychiv massacre
7 July 1941 – 3 November 1941BerdychivKilled (estimate): 12,000 – 30,000
Einsatzgruppe C; SS; Ukrainian policemen
MassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Zhytomyr massacre
9 July 1941 – October 1941ZhytomyrKilled (estimate): 6,000 – 9,263
Sonderkommando 4a of Einsatzgruppe C; German Order Police; Ukrainian police
MassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Jedwabne massacre
10 July 1941JedwabneKilled (estimate): 340 – 1,500
Polish inhabitants of Jedwabne and nearby villages; SS
PogromMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Drancy internment camp
August 1941 – August 1944Drancy internment camp, northeastern suburb of ParisKilled (estimate): 62,000 – 65,000
German Security Police; French police; SS
PersecutionExpulsionGenocideDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Jasenovac camp complex
August 1941 – April 1945Jasenovac, Independent State of CroatiaKilled (estimate): 12,000 – 25,000
Ustaša; Independent State of Croatia
GenocideMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Destruction of the Jews of Pinsk
6 August 1941 – 23 December 1942PinskKilled (estimate): 14,500 – 21,000
SS Cavalry Brigade; German Order Police; German Order Police; SD; Local militia
MassacreGenocideDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre
26 August 1941 – 29 August 1941Kamianets-PodilskyiKilled (estimate): 23,600
SS; Einsatzgruppen; SS; Locally recruited auxiliaries; Hungarian gendarmerie
Massacre
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of Jews from Bessarabia, Bukovina and Dorohoi to Transnistria
September 1941 – October 1942Bessarabia, Bukovina, the Dorohoi district, and TransnistriaKilled (estimate): 88,294 – 120,000Expelled (estimate): 146,555 – 200,000
Ion Antonescu and the Romanian government; Romanian army and gendarmerie
ExpulsionGenocideDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Babi Yar massacre
29 September 1941 – 30 September 1941Babi Yar ravine, KyivKilled (estimate): 33,771
Sonderkommando 4a of Einsatzgruppe C; German Order Police; Ukrainian auxiliary police
Massacre
The Holocaust ›
Stanislaviv Bloody Sunday massacre
12 October 1941Jewish cemetery, Stanisławów (Ivano-Frankivsk)Killed (estimate): 8,000 – 12,000
Gestapo; German Security Police; German Order Police; German railroad police; Ukrainian militia escorts
MassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Odessa massacre
22 October 1941 – 26 October 1941Odessa (Odesa) and DalnykKilled (estimate): 19,000 – 30,000
Romanian army and gendarmerie; Ion Antonescu; Sonderkommando 11b of Einsatzgruppe D
MassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Ninth Fort massacre
28 October 1941 – 29 October 1941Ninth Fort, Kaunas (Kovno)Killed (estimate): 9,200
SS; Lithuanian police auxiliaries
Massacre
The Holocaust ›
Rivne Sosenki Forest massacre
7 November 1941 – 9 November 1941Sosenki Forest, near RivneKilled (estimate): 17,500 – 21,000
German Order Police; Einsatzkommando 5 of Einsatzgruppe C; German Order Police; Ukrainian auxiliary police; German Order Police
MassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Theresienstadt ghetto
24 November 1941 – 9 May 1945Terezín (Theresienstadt)Killed (estimate): 33,456 – 35,440
SS; Czech gendarmerie
GenocidePersecutionDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Rumbula massacre
30 November 1941 – 9 December 1941Rumbula Forest, near RigaKilled (estimate): 25,000
SS; Latvian auxiliaries (Arajs Kommando); SS
Massacre
The Holocaust ›
Drobitsky Yar massacre
26 December 1941 – 8 January 1942Drobitsky Yar, near KharkivKilled (estimate): 15,000
Sonderkommando 4a of Einsatzgruppe C; German Schutzpolizei; SS
Massacre
The Holocaust ›
Extradition of Jewish refugees from Finland
1942FinlandKilled (estimate): 7
Finnish State Police (Valpo), headed by Arno Anthoni; Gestapo
ExpulsionGenocide
The Holocaust ›
Novi Sad raid
21 January 1942 – 23 January 1942Novi Sad (Újvidék) and the Bačka regionKilled (estimate): 600 – 2,500
Hungarian army units
MassacrePogromDisputed
Deportation of the Jews of Cyrenaica, 1942
7 February 1942 – October 1942Cyrenaica (removal to Giado and other sites)Killed (estimate): 562 – 900Expelled (estimate): 2,600
Italian government under Benito Mussolini
ExpulsionPersecutionDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of Slovak Jews
March 1942 – October 1942SlovakiaKilled (estimate): 57,000 – 58,000
Slovak gendarmes; Hlinka Guard; Freiwillige Schutzstaffel (Slovak ethnic German Volunteer SS); SS
ExpulsionGenocide
The Holocaust ›
Sajmište (Semlin) camp killings
March 1942 – May 1942Sajmište (Semlin) camp, BelgradeKilled (estimate): 6,280 – 8,000
German Security Police
GenocideMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Japanese measures against Singapore Jews
16 March 1942 – September 1945Singapore
Japanese occupation authorities in Singapore
Persecution
Operation Reinhard ›
Treblinka killing center
July 1942 – November 1943Treblinka, German-occupied PolandKilled (estimate): 750,000 – 925,000
SS Operation Reinhard staff; Trawniki-trained auxiliaries
GenocideMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Vél' d'Hiv roundup
16 July 1942 – 17 July 1942Vélodrome d'Hiver, 15th arrondissement, ParisKilled (estimate): 12,884 – 13,000
French police; German Security Police; Vichy officials (René Bousquet, Pierre Laval)
PersecutionExpulsionGenocide
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of Jews from Mechelen
July 1942 – September 1944Mechelen (Malines) to Auschwitz-BirkenauKilled (estimate): 25,257 – 25,631
SS; Flemish Belgian auxiliaries at the Dossin barracks
GenocideExpulsionDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Zmievskaya Balka massacre
11 August 1942 – 14 August 1942Zmievskaya Balka (Zmievka Ravine), Rostov-on-DonKilled (estimate): 2,000 – 18,000
Sonderkommando 10a of Einsatzgruppe D; Local auxiliaries
MassacreGenocideDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of Jews from Norway
October 1942 – February 1943NorwayKilled (estimate): 739 – 770
German Security Police; Norwegian State Police; NS Hird and Germanic SS Norway
GenocideExpulsionDisputed
The Holocaust ›
German occupation of Tunisia
November 1942 – May 1943Tunisia
SS; Vichy French authorities in Tunisia
Persecution
The Holocaust ›
Shanghai ghetto
18 February 1943 – 1945Hongkew (Hongkou) designated area, Shanghai
Imperial Japanese Army and Navy authorities in Shanghai
Persecution
The Holocaust ›
Westerbork–Sobibor deportations
2 March 1943 – 20 July 1943Westerbork (Netherlands) to Sobibor (German-occupied Poland)Killed (estimate): 33,000 – 34,313
SS; SS
GenocideExpulsion
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Thrace and Macedonia
4 March 1943 – 29 March 1943Bulgarian-occupied Thrace, Macedonia and PirotKilled (estimate): 11,343 – 11,370
Bulgarian military, police and Commissariat for Jewish Affairs; German authorities, who took custody of the transports to Treblinka
ExpulsionGenocideMassacre
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of the Jews of Salonika
15 March 1943 – August 1943Thessaloniki (Salonika), German-occupied GreeceKilled (estimate): 40,000 – 54,000
SS
ExpulsionGenocideMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Expulsion of the Jews of Sofia
24 May 1943SofiaExpelled (estimate): 19,153 – 20,000
Bulgarian government; Bulgarian police
ExpulsionPersecutionDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of Jews from Denmark
1 October 1943 – 15 April 1945Denmark to TheresienstadtKilled (estimate): 51 – 120
German Order Police; SS
ExpulsionGenocideDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Rome roundup of 16 October 1943
16 October 1943 – 18 October 1943RomeKilled (estimate): 1,000 – 1,023
SS
ExpulsionGenocide
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of the Jews of Ioannina
25 March 1944Ioannina, German-occupied GreeceKilled (estimate): 1,860 – 2,000
German occupation authorities
ExpulsionGenocideMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of Hungarian Jews
15 May 1944 – 9 July 1944Hungary (provinces of Greater Hungary)Killed (estimate): 330,000
Hungarian gendarmerie and civil authorities; SS
ExpulsionGenocideMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of the Jews of Corfu
10 June 1944Corfu, German-occupied GreeceKilled (estimate): 1,800 – 2,000
SS; Local Greek police
ExpulsionGenocideMassacre
The Holocaust ›
Deportation of the Jews of Rhodes
20 July 1944Rhodes, German-occupied DodecaneseKilled (estimate): 1,641 – 2,200
German occupation authorities
ExpulsionGenocideMassacreDisputed
The Holocaust ›
Klooga massacre
19 September 1944KloogaKilled (estimate): 2,500
German camp guards; Estonian collaborators
Massacre
The Holocaust ›
Arrow Cross killings in Budapest
15 October 1944 – 13 February 1945Budapest, HungaryKilled (estimate): 20,000
Arrow Cross Party militias (Nyilas); Arrow Cross government of Ferenc Szálasi
MassacreExpulsion
Kraków pogrom of 1945
11 August 1945Kupa Synagogue, Kazimierz, KrakówKilled (estimate): 1 – 5
Polish civilians; Polish soldiers and policemen in the crowd
PogromBlood libelDisputed
Topoľčany pogrom
24 September 1945Topoľčany, Slovakia
Local civilians; Members of the National Security (police) and soldiers who joined the crowd
PogromDisputed
Cairo and Alexandria riots of 1945
c. 2 November 1945 – 4 November 1945Cairo and AlexandriaKilled (estimate): 10
Young Egypt (Misr al-Fatat) under Ahmad Husayn; Student and street crowds in Cairo and Alexandria
Pogrom
Tripoli pogrom of 1945
c. 5 November 1945 – 7 November 1945Tripoli and TripolitaniaKilled (estimate): 120 – 140
Muslim rioters in Tripolitania
PogromDisputed
Kunmadaras pogrom
21 May 1946Kunmadaras, HungaryKilled (estimate): 3 – 4
Local villagers
PogromBlood libelDisputed
Kielce pogrom
4 July 1946Kielce, PolandKilled (estimate): 42
Polish civilians; Polish soldiers and police
PogromMassacreBlood libel
Miskolc pogrom
30 July 1946 – 1 August 1946Miskolc, HungaryKilled (estimate): 2 – 3
Miskolc industrial workers and a crowd
PogromDisputed
Aleppo pogrom of 1947
1 December 1947AleppoKilled (estimate): 75
Arab mob in Aleppo
PogromDisputed
Aden riots
2 December 1947 – 6 December 1947Aden (Crater and Sheikh Othman)Killed (estimate): 75 – 82
Arab rioters in Aden
Pogrom
Expulsion of foreign Jews from Lebanon, 1948
January 1948Beirut
Lebanese government
ExpulsionPersecution
Persecution of Iraqi Jews, 1948-1949
1948 – 1949Iraq (Baghdad and Basra)
Iraqi government and military courts
Persecution
Beirut Jewish-quarter attacks of January 1948
5 January 1948 – 12 January 1948Jewish quarter, Beirut
Unidentified attackers of the Jewish quarter in Beirut
PogromTerror attack
Hadassah medical convoy massacre
13 April 1948Sheikh Jarrah, JerusalemKilled (estimate): 76 – 78
Arab guerrillas
MassacreDisputed
Kfar Etzion massacre
13 May 1948Kfar EtzionKilled (estimate): 100 – 127
Arab Legion; Local Arab fighters
MassacreDisputed
Removal of the Jews from the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem, 1948
28 May 1948 – 29 May 1948Jewish Quarter, Old City of JerusalemExpelled (estimate): 2,000
Arab Legion
Expulsion
Cairo Jewish-quarter bombings of 1948
June 1948 – November 1948CairoKilled (estimate): 70 – 250
Unidentified bombers of Jewish neighborhoods and businesses in Cairo
Terror attackDisputed
Oujda and Jerada pogroms
7 June 1948 – 8 June 1948Oujda and JeradaKilled (estimate): 42 – 44
Muslim rioters in Oujda and Jerada
PogromDisputed
Tripoli pogrom of 1948
12 June 1948 – 14 June 1948TripoliKilled (estimate): 12 – 16
Muslim rioters in Tripoli
PogromDisputed
Persecution of Iraqi Jews, 1948-1949 ›
Execution of Shafiq Ades
23 September 1948Basra (Al-Ashar)Killed (estimate): 1
Iraqi military court and government
Persecution
Beirut Alliance Israélite Universelle school bombing
1950Alliance Israélite Universelle school, Wadi Abu Jamil, BeirutKilled (estimate): 1 – 2
Unidentified bombers of the Alliance Israélite Universelle school
Terror attackDisputed
Night of the Murdered Poets
12 August 1952Lubyanka Prison, MoscowKilled (estimate): 13
Ministry of State Security (MGB)
PersecutionMassacre
Doctors' Plot
13 January 1953 – 3 April 1953Moscow
Ministry of State Security (MGB)
Persecution
Expulsion of Egyptian Jews, 1956
November 1956 – 1957Egypt (Cairo and Alexandria)Expelled (estimate): 21,000 – 25,000
Egyptian government under Gamal Abdel Nasser
ExpulsionPersecutionDisputed
Atlanta Temple bombing
12 October 1958The Temple (Hebrew Benevolent Congregation), AtlantaKilled (estimate): 0
White-supremacist bombers linked to the National States' Rights Party
Terror attack
Margilan blood libel
1961Margilan (Marghelan)
Local mob in Margilan
Blood libelPogromDisputed
Tashkent blood libel
9 May 1962Tashkent
Local rioters in Tashkent
Blood libelPogromDisputed
Evacuation of the remaining Jews of Aden, 1967
June 1967Aden (Crater and Tawahi)Killed (estimate): 2
Armed mob in Crater, Aden
ExpulsionPogrom
Internment of Egyptian Jews, 1967
June 1967 – July 1970Egypt (Cairo prisons including Abu Zaabal and Tora)
Egyptian government under Gamal Abdel Nasser
Persecution
Evacuation of the Jews of Libya, 1967
5 June 1967 – September 1967Libya (Tripoli and Benghazi)Killed (estimate): 10 – 18Expelled (estimate): 4,500 – 6,000
Libyan Council of Ministers; Rioters in Tripoli and Benghazi
ExpulsionPogromDisputed
Tunis riots of 1967
5 June 1967TunisKilled (estimate): 0
Rioters in Tunis
Pogrom
Forced emigration of Jews from Poland, 1968
19 June 1967 – 1971PolandExpelled (estimate): 12,927 – 13,000
Polish United Workers' Party leadership under Władysław Gomułka; Government of the Polish People's Republic under Premier Józef Cyrankiewicz; Ministry of Home Affairs under Mieczysław Moczar
ExpulsionPersecution
Baghdad hangings of Jews
27 January 1969Tahrir (Liberation) SquareKilled (estimate): 9
Ba'th government of Iraq and a revolutionary tribunal
PersecutionDisputed
Arson at the Munich Jewish community building
13 February 1970Jewish community building, Reichenbachstrasse, MunichKilled (estimate): 7
Unnamed neo-Nazi identified posthumously by Munich prosecutors
Terror attack
Kidnapping of Albert Elia
6 September 1971BeirutKilled (estimate): 1
Syrian intelligence officers operating in Lebanon
Persecution
Lod Airport massacre
30 May 1972Lod Airport (now Ben Gurion Airport)Killed (estimate): 26
Japanese Red Army; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Terror attackMassacreDisputed
Munich Olympics massacre
5 September 1972 – 6 September 197231 Connollystrasse, Olympic Village, MunichKilled (estimate): 11
Black September
Terror attackMassacre
Kiryat Shmona massacre
11 April 1974Kiryat ShmonaKilled (estimate): 18
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command
Terror attackMassacre
Ma'alot school massacre
15 May 1974Netiv Meir school, Ma'alotKilled (estimate): 21 – 25
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Terror attackMassacreDisputed
Entebbe hijacking
27 June 1976 – 4 July 1976Entebbe Airport, UgandaKilled (estimate): 3 – 4
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; West German Revolutionary Cells; Ugandan government under President Idi Amin
Terror attack
Coastal Road massacre
11 March 1978Coastal Road, from Ma'agan Michael to Glilot junctionKilled (estimate): 35 – 38
Fatah
Terror attackMassacreDisputed
Execution of Habib Elghanian
9 May 1979TehranKilled (estimate): 1
Islamic Revolutionary Tribunal
Persecution
Rue Copernic synagogue bombing
3 October 1980Rue Copernic synagogue, ParisKilled (estimate): 4
Hassan Diab (convicted in absentia, 2023); Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – Special Operations
Terror attackDisputed
Vienna Stadttempel attack
29 August 1981Stadttempel, Seitenstettengasse, ViennaKilled (estimate): 2
Abu Nidal Organization
Terror attack
Rome Great Synagogue attack
9 October 1982Great Synagogue of RomeKilled (estimate): 1
Abu Nidal Organization
Terror attack
Lima synagogue bombing
3 December 1982Unión Israelita synagogue, Lima
Unidentified attackers
Terror attackDisputed
Sydney Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club bombings
23 December 1982Israeli Consulate, Sydney, and Hakoah Club, Bondi
May 15 Organization
Terror attack
Temple Israel Hillbrow bombing
6 August 1983Temple Israel, Hillbrow, Johannesburg
Umkhonto we Sizwe (Mahommed Iqbal Shaik)
Terror attack
Kidnapping and murder of Lebanese Jews, 1984-1986
July 1984 – February 1986West Beirut (Wadi Abu Jamil)Killed (estimate): 4 – 11
Organization of the Oppressed on Earth; National Resistance Army, the Nation's Liberation Faction
Terror attackPersecutionDisputed
Copenhagen synagogue bombing
22 July 1985Great Synagogue, Krystalgade, CopenhagenKilled (estimate): 0 – 1
Mohammed Abu Talb; Marten Imandi; Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Terror attackDisputed
Neve Shalom synagogue massacre
6 September 1986Neve Shalom Synagogue, IstanbulKilled (estimate): 21 – 22
Two unidentified gunmen who spoke Arabic
Terror attackMassacreDisputed
Rosettenville synagogue bombing
1 July 1990South Eastern Hebrew Center, Rosettenville, Johannesburg
Right-wing bombers charged over the synagogue blast, including former AWB Johannesburg leader Leonard Veenendal
Terror attack
Crown Heights riot
19 August 1991 – 21 August 1991Crown Heights, BrooklynKilled (estimate): 1
Lemrick Nelson Jr.; Crowd of attackers
Pogrom
Israeli embassy bombing in Buenos Aires
17 March 1992Israeli embassy, Buenos AiresKilled (estimate): 22 – 29
Hezbollah
Terror attackDisputed
AMIA bombing
18 July 1994AMIA building, Buenos AiresKilled (estimate): 85
Hezbollah; Islamic Republic of Iran
Terror attackMassacre
Wynberg synagogue bombing
18 December 1998Wynberg synagogue, Cape Town
PAGAD G-Force (Grassy Park cell)
Terror attack
Los Angeles JCC shooting
10 August 1999North Valley Jewish Community Center, Granada Hills, Los AngelesKilled (estimate): 0
Buford O. Furrow Jr.
Terror attack
Dolphinarium discotheque bombing
1 June 2001Dolphinarium discotheque, Tel AvivKilled (estimate): 21
Palestinian Islamic Jihad; Hamas
Terror attack
Sbarro restaurant bombing
9 August 2001Sbarro pizzeria, Jaffa Road, JerusalemKilled (estimate): 15 – 16
Hamas
Terror attackDisputed
Passover massacre
27 March 2002Park Hotel, NetanyaKilled (estimate): 28 – 29
Hamas
Terror attackMassacreDisputed
Ghriba synagogue bombing
11 April 2002el-Ghriba synagogue, DjerbaKilled (estimate): 16 – 19
Al-Qaeda
Terror attackDisputed
LAX El Al ticket-counter shooting
4 July 2002El Al ticket counter, Los Angeles International AirportKilled (estimate): 2
Hesham Mohamed Hadayet
Terror attack
Istanbul synagogue bombings
15 November 2003Neve Shalom and Beth Israel synagogues, IstanbulKilled (estimate): 23
Al-Qaeda
Terror attack
Bolshaya Bronnaya synagogue stabbing
11 January 2006Bolshaya Bronnaya synagogue, MoscowKilled (estimate): 8 – 9
Aleksandr Koptsev
Terror attackDisputed
Seattle Jewish Federation shooting
28 July 2006Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle, SeattleKilled (estimate): 1
Naveed Afzal Haq
Terror attack
Oslo synagogue shooting
17 September 2006Oslo Synagogue, BergstienKilled (estimate): 0
Arfan Bhatti
Terror attack
Mercaz HaRav massacre
6 March 2008Mercaz HaRav yeshiva, Kiryat Moshe, JerusalemKilled (estimate): 8
Palestinian gunman (East Jerusalem resident)
Terror attackMassacre
Nariman House attack
26 November 2008 – 29 November 2008Nariman House (Chabad House), Colaba, MumbaiKilled (estimate): 6
Lashkar-e-Taiba
Terror attackMassacre
Tiferet Israel synagogue attack, Caracas
30 January 2009 – 31 January 2009Tiferet Israel synagogue, Maripérez, Caracas
Armed assailants (prosecutors later charged police officers and civilians)
Terror attackDisputed
Beth Shemuel community center bombing, Caracas
26 February 2009Beth Shemuel Jewish community center, CaracasKilled (estimate): 0
Unidentified assailants
Terror attackDisputed
Toulouse Jewish school attack
19 March 2012Ozar Hatorah school, ToulouseKilled (estimate): 4
Mohammed Merah
Terror attackMassacre
Overland Park JCC shootings
13 April 2014Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village Shalom, Overland ParkKilled (estimate): 3
Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.
Terror attackMassacre
Brussels Jewish Museum attack
24 May 2014Jewish Museum of Belgium, BrusselsKilled (estimate): 4
Mehdi Nemmouche; Nacer Bendrer
Terror attack
Hypercacher kosher supermarket attack
9 January 2015Hypercacher supermarket, Porte de Vincennes, ParisKilled (estimate): 4
Amedy Coulibaly; Islamic State
Terror attack
Copenhagen synagogue shooting
15 February 2015Great Synagogue, Krystalgade, CopenhagenKilled (estimate): 1
Omar El-Hussein
Terror attack
Murder of David Fremd
8 March 2016PaysandúKilled (estimate): 1
Carlos Omar Peralta López
Terror attack
Gothenburg synagogue attack
9 December 2017GothenburgKilled (estimate): 0
Masked attackers
Terror attack
Tree of Life synagogue shooting
27 October 2018Tree of Life synagogue, PittsburghKilled (estimate): 11
Robert Bowers
Terror attackMassacre
Poway synagogue shooting
27 April 2019Chabad of Poway synagogue, PowayKilled (estimate): 1
John T. Earnest
Terror attack
Halle synagogue attack
9 October 2019Halle (Saale)Killed (estimate): 2
Stephan Balliet
Terror attack
Jersey City kosher market shooting
10 December 2019JC Kosher Supermarket, Jersey CityKilled (estimate): 4
David N. Anderson; Francine Graham
Terror attack
Monsey Hanukkah stabbing
28 December 2019Rabbi's home, MonseyKilled (estimate): 1
Grafton Thomas
Terror attack
Colleyville synagogue hostage-taking
15 January 2022Congregation Beth Israel, Colleyville
Malik Faisal Akram
Terror attack
October 7 massacre ›
Be'eri massacre
7 October 2023 – 8 October 2023Kibbutz Be'eriKilled (estimate): 101 – 132
Hamas Nukhba force; Palestinian Islamic Jihad
MassacreTerror attackDisputed
October 7 massacre ›
Kfar Aza massacre
7 October 2023 – 10 October 2023Kibbutz Kfar AzaKilled (estimate): 64 – 80
Hamas Nukhba force; Palestinian Islamic Jihad
MassacreTerror attackDisputed
October 7 massacre ›
Nir Oz massacre
7 October 2023Kibbutz Nir OzKilled (estimate): 46 – 47
Hamas; Other Palestinian armed groups
MassacreTerror attackDisputed
October 7 massacre ›
Nova festival massacre
7 October 2023Nova music festival near Kibbutz Re'imKilled (estimate): 348 – 379
Hamas (Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades); Other Palestinian armed groups
MassacreTerror attackDisputed
October 7 massacre
7 October 2023Southern Israel (Gaza-envelope communities, military bases and the Nova festival)Killed (estimate): 1,200 – 1,400
Hamas (Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades); Palestinian Islamic Jihad; Other Palestinian armed groups
MassacreTerror attackDisputed
Yerevan synagogue arson
15 November 2023Mordechai Navi Jewish Religious Center, YerevanKilled (estimate): 0
Unidentified attacker (foreign national, per Armenian investigators)
Terror attackDisputed
Derbent synagogue attack
23 June 2024Kele-Numaz synagogue, DerbentKilled (estimate): 0
Unidentified gunmen
Terror attackDisputed
Amsterdam attacks on Israeli football supporters
7 November 2024 – 8 November 2024Amsterdam
Groups of young men, including men on scooters
Pogrom
Adass Israel synagogue arson
6 December 2024Adass Israel Synagogue, Ripponlea, Melbourne
Three men charged by the Victorian Joint Counter Terrorism Team
Terror attack
Bondi Beach Hanukkah attack
14 December 2025Archer Park, Bondi Beach, SydneyKilled (estimate): 15
Sajid Akram; Naveed Akram
Terror attackMassacre
Belleville synagogue shooting
20 September 2026Sons of Jacob Synagogue, Belleville
Sean Ward
Terror attack